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Undescended Testis

Teaser: 

Yvonne Y. Chan, MD, 1 Stanley A. Yap, MD, 1Jennifer H. Yang, MD1

1University of California Davis, Department of Urology, Sacramento, CA.

CLINICAL TOOLS

Abstract: Undescended testis is the most common genitourinary anomaly in boys and is found in 2-4% of those born full term and 20-30% of those born premature. Spontaneous descent occurs in 50-70% of cases. Physical exam is critical and sufficient in the diagnosis and characterization of testicular location. As such, imaging is not necessary prior to referral to pediatric urology as it will not affect management. Testicular maldescent impairs spermatogenesis and increases risk for testicular germ cell tumors, so timely diagnosis and intervention are key.
Key Words:undescended testis, cryptorchidism, orchiopexy.

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Pre-test CME Quiz Post-test CME Quiz
Undescended testis affects spermatogenesis and increases risk for testicular cancer and infertility.
Initiate workup for disorders of sexual development in cases of bilateral, undescended, and nonpalpable testes.
For cases of congenital undescended testis, refer to pediatric urology if the testis remains undescended by 6 months of age (corrected for gestational age).
Imaging is not necessary prior to referral to pediatric urology.
Patients with bilateral undescended and nonpalpable testicles require DSD workup.
Physical exam is sufficient for determining the location of an undescended testis, and ultrasound is not necessary prior to referral to pediatric urology.
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Related Terms: Men’s Health, undescended testis, cryptorchidism, orchiopexy

Referral Criteria for Non-Emergent Spinal Symptoms in the Neck and Low Back: A Survey of Canadian Spine Surgeons

Teaser: 

Yoga Raja Rampersaud, MD, FRCSC,1 Dr. Hamilton Hall, MD, FRCSC,2

1Associate Professor Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Divisions of Orthopaedic and Neurosurgery University Health Network Medical Director, Back and Neck Specialty Program, Altum Health, Past President Canadian Spine Society.
2is a Professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Toronto. He is the Medical Director, CBI Health Group and Executive Director of the Canadian Spine Society in Toronto, Ontario.

CLINICAL TOOLS

Abstract: The majority of the patients referred for surgical consultation are not candidates for surgery. Appropriate operative candidates endure unnecessary and potentially detrimental delays in obtaining their surgery while the rest waste time waiting to be told that surgery is not the answer. The Canadian Spine Society surveyed its membership to establish a set of practical surgical referral recommendations for non-emergent spinal problems. The results support referrals of patients with leg or arm dominant pain but, in the absence of a significant structural abnormality, discourage referring patients with neck or back dominant symptoms.
Key Words: spine surgery, indications, referral, clinical presentations, non-emergent.

Members of the College of Family Physicians of Canada may claim MAINPRO-M2 Credits for this unaccredited educational program.

www.cfpc.ca/Mainpro_M2

You can take quizzes without subscribing; however, your results will not be stored. Subscribers will have access to their quiz results for future reference.

Pre-test CME Quiz Post-test CME Quiz
There is no universally acceptable ideal candidate, absolute indication or unqualified contraindication for elective spinal surgery.
Referral is recommended most often for patients who have constant arm or leg dominant pain.
Patients who have untreated neck or back dominant pain are not appropriate surgical referrals.
Surgeons insistence on an image or refusal to see a suitable patient who rejects surgery reflect the excessive demand on their time, which can be relieved with proper referral.
The recommendation for referral is highest when the patient has had aappropriate non-operative treatment: well supervised physical therapy, suitable medication, effective education and successful lifestyle modification.
Spine related arm and leg dominant pain are usually the result of specific nerve root pathologies and therefore are more likely amenable to surgical intervention than back or neck pain which are generally multifactorial.
Patients with disabling or progressive neurological deficits should be referred early; patients with little or no pain and with no functional limitation related to the neurological deficit are not recommended for referral.
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Related Terms: Back Health, spine surgery, indications, referral, clinical presentation, non-emergent

A Case of a Large Sublingual Dermoid Removed Successfully Using a Sublingual Approach

Teaser: 

Dr. Pradeep Shenoy, MD, FRCS, FACS, DLO,1
Dr. Farah Tabassum, MD, FRCPC, FABP2

1ENT & Neck Surgeon, Campbellton Regional Hospital, Campbellton, New Brunswick, Canada.
2Pathologist, Campbellton Regional Hospital, Campbellton, New Brunswick, Canada.

CLINICAL TOOLS

Abstract:Sublingual dermoid cysts are rare lesions in the oral cavity. Common oral lesions include: ranula; benign mucosal swelling; and sublingual salivary gland tumours. Uncommon types of lesions include: thyroglossal cysts, pilomatrixomas,12 pilomatrix carcinomas, and arteriovenous malformations.
The etiology, diagnostic problems, radiological findings, various treatment approaches, and histopathological findings are described in the following case study, which includes a literature review.
Key Words: epidermoid cyst, submental swelling, sublingual swelling, sialo adenitis, thyroglossal cyst, pilomatrixoma.
Sublingual dermoid cysts are asymptomatic unless they are big causing pressure symptoms causing sialoadnitis, difficulty in swallowing, choking or pain while moving the tongue.
Good examination and CT scan of the neck helps to plan for the surgery.
Once removed completely the recurrence is very rare.
Dermoid cyst in the oral cavity are rare entity depending on the histological picutres that are classified into dermoid, epidermoid, and teratomas.
Complete excision through intra oral and external approach is done, depending on its site in relation with geniohyoid muscles.
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Related Terms: Otolaryngology, epidermoid cyst, submental swelling, sublingual swelling, sialo adenitis, thyroglossal cyst, pilomatrixoma

Surgical Management of Erectile Dysfunction

Teaser: 

Justin J. Badal, MD,1 Genevieve Sweet, MD, 2Shelley Godley, MD,3Stanley A. Yap, MD,4Dana Nanigian, MD, 5

1Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.
2Department of Urology, Sutter Medical Group, Roseville, California.
3Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California.
4Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California and Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California.
5Chief of Urology, Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California.

CLINICAL TOOLS

Abstract: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common sexual disorders affecting men. Discussion regarding erectile function, diagnosis, and management of the disease typically begins at the primary care level. A broad understanding of the basic causative factors and initial treatment regimens gives primary care physicians the ability to treat ED. An enhanced understanding of surgical options allows for referrals to be made to urologists for advanced surgical treatment of ED in patients who have failed medical therapies. Initial diagnosis and continued workup can be performed prior to consultation with a surgical specialist. Detailed here are different causes of ED as well as their respective studies to enhance initial surgical evaluation.
Key Words:erectile dysfunction, diagnosis, management, treatment.

Members of the College of Family Physicians of Canada may claim MAINPRO-M2 Credits for this unaccredited educational program.

www.cfpc.ca/Mainpro_M2

You can take quizzes without subscribing; however, your results will not be stored. Subscribers will have access to their quiz results for future reference.

Pre-test CME Quiz Post-test CME Quiz
A thorough discussion regarding the irreversibility of penile implants is strongly recommended with the patient before proceeding.
Inflatable penile prosthetics avoid the effect of the constant erection created by malleable implants.
Partner satisfaction is highest with the inflatable penile prosthesis.
The inflatable penile prosthesis is the most preferred among men.
Adverse events/complications associated with SNM use include: pain at the implantation site, lead migration, wound-related complications, bowel dysfunction, infection, and generator problems.
Postoperative outcomes can be improved with detailed counseling in regards to modifiable risk factors, such as achieving appropriate glycemic control.
Candidates for revascularization therapy should be carefully selected, with those who are younger and have sustained pelvic trauma having the best outcomes.
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Related Terms: Men’s Health, Women’s Health, erectile dysfunction, diagnosis, management, treatment

Connecting the Spots: Hyperpigmented Lesions in Children

Teaser: 

Lisa M. Flegel,1 Joseph M. Lam, MD, FRCSC,2

1Medical Degree Undergraduate Program, Northern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, BC.
2Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Dermatology, University of British Columbia, BC.

CLINICAL TOOLS

Abstract: Hyperpigmented lesions are common in the pediatric population and identifying their etiologies can be challenging for physicians. Patients and caregivers may worry that hyperpigmented lesions are dangerous, associated with an internal illness or that they may lead to skin cancers. Having a better understanding of the causes and natural histories of these lesions may help to guide management and alleviate worry. This review article will provide an overview of select common and uncommon causes of hyperpigmented skin lesions in children.
Key Words: hyperpigmentation, pediatric.
1. Most hyperpigmented lesions in children do not require treatment aside from for cosmesis.
2. Features of malignant melanoma in children include: non-pigmented, uniform color, variable diameter, nodular lesions, and occurring de novo.
3. Parents and children should be warned that melanocytic nevi will grow as their child grows, but growth should be proportionate.
4. The risk of melanocytic nevi becoming malignant melanoma in children is very small.
In children with numerous melanocytic nevi, a good rule of thumb is to look for the 'ugly duckling' mole.
To track lesions over time, parents can develop a routine of taking a picture each year on the child's birthday.
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Related Terms: Dermatology, hyperpigmentation, pediatric

Interventional Radiology Procedures for Chronic Low Back Pain

Teaser: 

Dr. Ted Findlay, D.O., CCFP,1 Amar Suchak, MD, FRCP(C), 2

1is a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine at the University of Calgary. He is also in a Private Family Medicine practice. In addition he is on Medical Staff at Alberta Health Services, Calgary Zone in Calgary, Alberta.
2Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Radiology, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.

CLINICAL TOOLS

Abstract: There is an increasing availability and clinical use of interventional radiological techniques for patients with low back pain. This can be a valuable additional tool in the management of low back pain that has not responded to conservative treatment. However, the clinical indications and appropriate uses as well as cautions that apply to this treatment modality are in many cases less well understood by the primary care practitioner. The objective of this article is to review clinical scenarios in which these procedures are commonly considered, as well as their limitations. The field of interventional radiology is one that is rapidly evolving and an area of active clinical research. It is important for the primary care practitioner to have a basic understanding of the current state of the art in order to have an informed discussion with their patients who may be seeking advice on this treatment option.
Key Words: Low back pain; treatment; interventional radiology definitions; interventional radiology indications; interventional radiology complications.

Members of the College of Family Physicians of Canada may claim MAINPRO-M2 Credits for this unaccredited educational program.

www.cfpc.ca/Mainpro_M2

You can take quizzes without subscribing; however, your results will not be stored. Subscribers will have access to their quiz results for future reference.

Pre-test CME Quiz Post-test CME Quiz
1. In patients carefully selected by clinical and radiological examination, there can be satisfying clinical gains from the use of currently available interventional radiologic procedures.
2. One must not assume that abnormal findings on radiologic imaging immediately explains the anatomical cause of a patient's low back pain; a corresponding accurate history and physical examination is ideal prior to commencing injections.
3. When successful, the gains from radiological interventions should be considered one portion of a broader clinical treatment plan, rather than the entire plan of management.
4. Unsuccessful interventional procedures should not be repeated.
1. Do not apply repeated interventional procedures with an expectation that one of them will find the target source of the patient's low back pain.
2. Although they may be uncommon, interventional radiology risks can occur and the referring physician should be cognizant of these dangers that accumulate with repeated interventions.
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Related Terms: Back Health, low back pain, treatment, interventional radiology definitions, interventional radiology indications, interventional radiology complications

A New Approach for the Excision of a Vallecular Cyst Using a Zero-Degree Nasal Endoscope

Teaser: 

Dr. Pradeep Shenoy, MD, FRCS, FACS, DLO,

ENT & Neck Surgeon, Campbellton Regional Hospital, Campbellton, New Brunswick, Canada.

CLINICAL TOOLS

Abstract: This case study reviews the clinical presentation and treatment of a patient’s vascular cyst. Though it is a rare diagnosis/condition, it could be a medical emergency for an individual of any age. Described here is a new approach for the complete excision of the vallecular cyst.
Key Words: vallecular cyst, excision, zero-degree nasal endoscope
Vallecular cysts are retention cysts in the Vallecular—a space between the base of the tongue, epiglottis and lateral pharyngeal wall.
They are triggered by acid reflux and smoking.
Vallecular cyst can be seen in CT Scan and laryngoscopy examination.
The access is difficult trans-orally. Here we are describing New approach using a zero-degree endoscope.
Vallecular cysts are rare in the paediatric and adult age groups.
Vallecular cysts can present as asymptomatic when small, however, when big they can present as a feeling of some food stuck in the throat or pain.
In emergency situation can block the food and airway passage and require emergency treatment.
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Related Terms: Otolaryngology, vallecular cyst, excision, zero-degree nasal endoscope

About Psoriasis

About Psoriasis

WHAT IS PSORIASIS?

Psoriasis is a common but chronic skin condition that causes inflammation and scaling (red elevated patches and flaking silvery scales). The patches can be itchy or sore, causing discomfort and pain. Psoriasis causes skin cells to rise to the surface and shed at a very rapid rate. On average, people with psoriasis shed their skin cells every 3 to 4 days, while people without the condition have a turnover rate of about every 30 days.1,2,3,4

Related Terms: Dermatology, Acne Vulgaris, acne, rosacea, dermatology

Median Raphe Cysts

Teaser: 

Mary Tong, BHSc, MD Candidate,1 Joseph M. Lam, MD, FRCSC,2

1McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.
2Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology University of British Columbia, BC.

CLINICAL TOOLS

Abstract: Median raphe cysts are rare congenital lesions caused by a defect in embryological development of the male genitalia. They can present as solitary or multiple papules along the median raphe from urethral meatus to the anus. Although they are asymptomatic during childhood, they can cause problems later on as they increase in size. Surgical excision of the lesion is not necessary unless the patient becomes symptomatic.
Key Words: median raphe cysts, congenital lesions, treatment, management.
Median raphe cysts are benign cysts that can be present at birth, or acquired due to trauma or infection in the genitalia area.
Histologically, the cysts can have pseudo stratified columnar, squamous cell, or glandular epithelium, or a mixture of these cells.
Although these cysts are asymptomatic during childhood, they should be monitored overtime because they may cause problems as they increase in size with time.
Because these are benign malformations, median raphe cysts do not require excision unless they cause problems such as pain, problems with urination or sexual activity, or for cosmetic reasons.
Median raphe cysts are benign lesions that may be caused be a defect in the embryological development of the male genitalia.
The differential diagnoses of median raphe cyst include glomus tumor, dermoid cyst, pilonidal cyst, epidermal inclusion cyst, urethral diverticulum, and steatocystoma.
Treatment for asymptomatic median raphe cyst is not necessary but surgical excision can be considered if the cyst is causing problems or for cosmetic reasons.
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Related Terms: Dermatology, median raphe cysts, congenital lesions, treatment, management

About Rosacea

About Rosacea

WHAT IS ROSACEA?

Rosacea is a common, chronic skin condition that causes redness of the face. It often presents as a mild redness or blushing that, over time, lasts for longer durations and becomes more pronounced. Rosacea can also produce enlarged, visible blood vessels and small red bumps on the facial skin. Before diagnosis, it can be mistaken for acne, an allergic reaction, or other skin conditions.1,2,3

Related Terms: Dermatology, Acne Vulgaris, acne, rosacea, dermatology