low back pain

Sydney Rucker, BS, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine, Charleston, SC.
Adrienne Kelly, MD, FRCSC, Orthopaedic Surgeon, Sault Area Hospital, Assistant Professor, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sault Ste Marie, ON.
David W. Polly, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Eric J. Crawford MD, FRCSC, Divisions of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON.
Ronit Kulkarni, Medical University of South Carolina, College of Medicine, Charleston, SC.
Rajesh Kumar MBBS, FRCS, FCPS, FACS, FEBNS, MRCPS, Division of Spine Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre & Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.
Ted Findlay DO, CCFP, FCFP, Calgary Chronic Pain Center at Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB.

Brandyn Powelske, PhD Candidate, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta.
Greg Kawchuk, Professor, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta.
Ted Findlay, Medical Staff, Calgary Chronic Pain Centre at Alberta Health Services, Calgary. Alberta..

Conner Joseph Clay¹, José M. Orenday-Barraza, MD², María José Cavagnaro MD², Leah Hillier MD CCFP (SEM)³, Leeann Qubain¹, Eric John Crawford MD MSc(c) FRCSC⁴, Brandon Hirsch MD⁵, Ali A. Baaj MD², Robert A. Ravinsky MDCM MPH FRCSC⁵

Samuel Yoon MD, MSc, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Tiffany Lung MD, BKin, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Albert Yee MD, MSc, FRCSC, FIOR, Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Marvin Tile Chair Division Chief of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Spine Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Zhi Wang BSc, MSc MD FRCSC, Associate Professor, Montreal University (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec.
Ali Ghoul MD, PGY 3 Orthopaedic Resident, Saint Joseph University, Beirut Lebanon.
Jesse Shen MD, PhD Candidate,PGY 5 Montreal University, Montreal Quebec.
Amer Sebaaly MSc, MD,Orthopedic Lecturer, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.

Abstract

Ted Findlay, DO, CCFP, FCFP, is on Medical Staff with the Calgary Chronic Pain Centre at Alberta Health Services, Calgary Zone in Calgary, Alberta.

Dr. Hamilton Hall, MD, FRCSC, is a Professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Toronto. He is the Medical Director, CBI Health Group and Executive Director of the Canadian Spine Society in Toronto, Ontario.

Ted Findlay, DO, CCFP, FCFP is on Medical Staff with the Calgary Chronic Pain Centre at Alberta Health Services, Calgary Zone in Calgary, Alberta.

Jessica Wong, DC, MPH, Research Associate, UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC).
Linda Carroll, PhD, Professor Emeritus, School of Public Health, University of Alberta.

Dr. Alexandra Stratton, MD, MSc, FRCSC, Orthopaedic Spinal Surgeon, University of Ottawa Combined Adult Spinal Surgery Program, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON.
Dr. Darren Roffey, University of Ottawa Spine Program, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON.
Dr. Erica Stone, MD, FRCPC, Anesthesiology, PGY 6 Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON.