Yoga Raja Rampersaud, MD, FRCSC,¹ Julia Alleyne, BHSc(PT), MD, CCFP, Dip. Sport Med MScCH,² Hamilton Hall, MD, FRCSC,³

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Abstract: Leg dominant pain suggests direct nerve root involvement: radicular, not referred symptoms. Constant pain associated with positive neurological findings usually results from an acute disc herniation. Symptoms are the result of mechanical compression but principally reflect an inflammatory response, properly designated sciatica. Intermittent leg dominant pain triggered by activity in extension and relieved by rest in flexion probably represents neurogenic claudication: nerve root ischemia secondary to spinal stenosis. Except for acute cauda equina syndrome, acute sciatica is initially managed with scheduled rest, adequate medication, and time. Non-responsive cases may require surgery. Surgery also shows superior outcomes for disabling neurogenic claudication.

Key Words:leg dominant pain, sciatica, neurogenic claudication, cauda equina syndrome, surgery.

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True spine-generated, leg dominant pain is consistently reproduced by particular spinal movements or positions.

No imaging investigation is required for a patient presenting an unequivocal clinical picture and exhibiting steady predictable improvement.

Of the four back pain syndromes, only neurogenic claudication is consistently best treated by surgery.

In contrast to the back dominant cases, in sciatica there is a definite role for short-acting narcotics or psychotropic drugs for uncontrolled pain.

Criteria for Surgical Referral

Emergency Referral The symptoms of Cauda Equina Syndrome are: - Urinary retention followed by insensible urinary overflow. - Unrecognized fecal incontinence. - Loss or decrease in saddle/perineal sensation. Acute Cauda Equina Syndrome is a surgical emergency.

Consider Elective Referral Failure to respond to a trial of conservative care: - Unbearable constant leg dominant pain. - Worsening nerve irritation tests (SLR or femoral nerve stretch). - Expanding motor, sensory or reflex deficits. - Recurrent disabling sciatica. - Disabling neurogenic claudication.

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Timothy Daniels, MD, FRCSC, Associate Professor, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.
Eran Tamir, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.

Neuropathic foot complications are increasing in frequency, and surgery is becoming recognized as an important adjunct to their treatment and prevention.
The development of a diabetic foot ulcer is a multifactorial process; however, the presences of obvious and/or subtle foot deformities are being recognized as a significant contributing factor.
Off-loading of the affected area is the standard of care and commonly results in healing the noninfected neuropathic ulcer. Methods of off-loading can be broadly categorized as external (nonweightbearing, casting, braces, orthotics, and shoes) or internal (surgical intervention to correct the deformity).
Reconstructive surgery can prevent foot complications when conservative methods fail. By correcting the musculoskeletal deformity, the areas at risk are off-loaded so that the prevention of ulcer becomes less dependent on protective footwear and patient compliance.
Key words: Diabetic foot, ulceration, off-loading, surgery, reconstruction.

S. Gogov, MD, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON.
Shabbir M.H. Alibhai, MD, MSc, FRCPC, Department of Medicine, University Health Network; Departments of Medicine and Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, ON.

Prostate cancer remains the most common malignancy in men. Screening remains controversial due to a lack of evidence from randomized trials that it decreases mortality. Treatment decisions are based on assigning patients to one of three risk groups (low, intermediate, or high) based on stage, tumour grade, and prostate-specific antigen level, and considering remaining patient life expectancy (affected by age and comorbidity). Men with low-risk disease can consider expectant management, surgery, or radiotherapy (either external beam or brachytherapy). In intermediate-risk patients, all options except expectant management are associated with excellent long-term survival. In high-risk patients, combining either radiation or surgery with androgen deprivation has emerged as the best option. There is no role for primary androgen deprivation for most patients.
Key words: prostate cancer, screening, treatment, surgery, radiotherapy.

Natasha B. Leighl, MD, FRCPC, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital/University Health Network; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in North America and most commonly affects older patients. Patterns of investigation and treatment in older individuals differ, which may compromise outcome. Older patients should be carefully evaluated, using comprehensive geriatric assessment, to assess for function, functional reserve, comorbidities, polypharmacy, and other issues. Fit patients with few or no comorbidities should be offered standard treatments such as surgical resection for early-stage lung cancer with adjuvant chemotherapy, combined modality treatment (chemotherapy and radiation) for locally advanced disease, and systemic chemotherapy with supportive care for metastatic disease. Frail patients should be reviewed to optimize function and comorbid illnesses, and then considered for other treatment alternatives aimed at minimizing toxicity while still trying to maximize the curative or palliative potential of lung cancer therapy depending upon disease stage.
Key words: lung cancer, aging, chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, treatment.

Michelle A. Ghert, MD, Clinical Fellow in Musculoskeletal Oncology, University of Toronto, ON, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON. and Peter C. Ferguson, MD, MSc, FRCSC, Assistant Professor of Surgery, University of Toronto, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret
Hospital, Toronto, ON.

Primary bone and soft tissue tumours are rare in the general population. While bone malignancies in the geriatric age group are most often due to metastases or multiple myeloma, primary tumours can occur. These are treated with surgical resection and occasionally chemotherapy. Soft tissue sarcomas are more common and are usually treated with a combination of radiation and surgery. The outcome of treatment for bone sarcomas is poorer in the geriatric age group, but this is not true of soft tissue sarcomas. Patients with both primary bone and soft tissue malignancies should be referred to regional cancer centres for management.

Key words: sarcoma, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, cancer

Introduction
Musculoskeletal complaints are common in the geriatric population, but rarely are these complaints attributable to malignancies.