Christopher Hilton, MD, Instructor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Tina Huang, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most common neurosensory deficit associated with aging. It presents with a predictable pattern of sensorineural hearing loss, causing problems with communication that have been associated with depression and social isolation. Recent studies have improved our understanding of the etiology of ARHL on a molecular level. While treatment options exist with hearing aids and cochlear implants, prevention by identification and avoidance of key risk factors remains the best strategy for dealing with this disease.
Key words: presbycusis, age-related hearing loss, deafness, hearing aids, aging.

Christopher J. Danner, MD, Fellow Otology/Neurotology/Skull Base Surgery and Jeffery P. Harris, MD, PhD, Departmental Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of California--San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.

Multiple factors lead to the cause and progression of presbycusis or hearing loss secondary to increased age. Noise trauma, genetic predisposition and oxidative damage all have been implicated in its development. Tinnitus, a frequent side effect of hearing loss, often has its origin within the central auditory system. A classification scheme for hearing loss and treatment options for tinnitus are discussed.
Key words: hearing loss, presbycusis, tinnitus, free radicals, central auditory system.

Doron Milstein, PhD, Hofstra University, Long Island, NY, USA.
Barbara E. Weinstein, PhD, Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA.

Hearing loss diminishes quality of life. The elderly rely on auditory input to maintain social contact and awareness of their environment, such that hearing loss in this age group can lead to isolation and withdrawal from the community. Most elderly individuals do not take advantage of available audiological services nor do they use hearing aids (HAs), the treatment of choice for their hearing loss. Modern HAs utilise digital technology and computer software to improve speech intelligibility. Current research reveals that HAs are effective in minimising the negative consequences of hearing loss in the daily functioning of the elderly. The availability of sophisticated technology allows for more efficient HA fitting, and allows the audiologist to spend more time counseling.
Key words: presbycusis, hearing aid technologies, rehabilitation, assistive listening devices.