The accredited CME learning activity based on this article is offered under the auspices of the CE department of the University of Toronto. Participating physicians are entitled to one (1) MAINPRO-M1 credit by completing this program, found online at www.geriatricsandaging.ca/cme

Richard W. Norman, MD, FRCSC, Professor, Department of Urology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS.

Kidney stones occur frequently among the North American population and tend to be recurrent. It is usually possible to identify one or more abnormal urinary risk factors for the specific stone composition under consideration. The physician and dietician can counsel the patient on how to reduce the likelihood of further recurrences or stone growth by increasing fluid intake and dietary modification. If this is unsuccessful, a variety of medications are available depending upon which variable(s) is (are) abnormal. There are specific nuances that relate to the older adult age group.
Key words: kidney stones, nephrolithiasis, urinary risk factors, stone prevention.